The article considers the key features of development of the global oil products market in the context of geopolitical instability. The authors analyze the main characteristics of the oil market in the leading exporting countries. The features of the development of this market in the current conditions of high turbulence are demonstrated. The global petroleum products market is a complex dynamic trading system of crude oil processing products. Its condition is determined by the balance of supply and demand, the capacities of oil refineries and logistic chains. The article examines the basic factors that have a direct impact on the pricing process of the oil products market, with sanctions restrictions being the most significant. Special attention is paid to the adaptation of refining capacities to new conditions, including modernization of production facilities and development of low-carbon areas. The impact of geopolitical tensions and logistical imbalances on regional markets and global trade is studied. Based on the analysis, strategic vectors of further market evolution aimed at ensuring sustainability and competitiveness in the context of global decarbonization are identified. The article provides a forecast of oil product prices based on these factors. Additionally, the authors analyze the impact of the geopolitical crisis on the oil and gas industry in the Russian Federation. The article outlines the role of international corporations, particularly OPEC, in shaping global oil prices.

The article examines the reasons for mass population outflow. The aim of the study is to determine dependence of population emigration on the level of economic security in the country and identify the economic reasons and factors that create threats to economic security and force individuals to leave their home country. It was revealed that some dependence is traced between the scale of emigration and the size of GDP per capita; it was determined that there is some dependence of the emigration scale on the level of economic development and conditions for organizing entrepreneurial activity, as well as on the living conditions of an individual in the state and society, provided that the country development level of emigration is within the world average; an assumption was made about the absence of emigration potential among residents of the least developed countries due to the lack of financial opportunities for moving and their low demand as a labor force; the factors that determine the greatest attractiveness of the host country for a potential emigrant are identified, including the general level of economic development, availability of educational and medical services. The conclusion was made about the need for developing production and increasing GDP volumes in the industries with high added value in order to increase the level of economic development, which can increase the immigration attractiveness of Russia and Tajikistan and reduce emigration flows to a minimum. It has been proposed to use a targeted approach as a temporary measure to increase the incomes of those categories of specialists who are most needed in the economy.

The article outlines a detailed analysis of approaches to defining the category of “household finance” in the Russian and international academic literature, highlighting both similarities and differences in research focus. The Russian academic tradition largely maintains a formalized character, relying on close interconnections with budgetary statistics, macroeconomic indicators, and regulatory frameworks governing economic entities. In contrast, the international studies tend to shift the emphasis toward microeconomic and behavioral analysis, focusing on interdisciplinarity and in-depth exploration of factors influencing household financial decision-making in a dynamic external environment. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors propose a definition of “household finance” that integrates the strengths of both Russian and international research traditions: the formalization and reliance on macroeconomic statistics characteristic of the former, and the emphasis on external influences and behavioral aspects typical of the latter. This synthesis not only refines the boundaries of the research field but also lays the groundwork for developing more adaptive models of household interaction with financial institutions, the state, and markets in the context of the digital transformation of the economy.

The relevance of the study of sustainable spatial development issues is determined by the need for developing and implementing effective systems for assessing the balanced interaction of environmental, social and economic factors at the regional level in the context of global challenges. The article compares international and Russian approaches to assessing sustainable spatial development at the regional level. The existing international and domestic methods, indicators and standards of sustainable spatial development are studied. The conclusions are made on the possibility of applying international approaches to Russian realities, a number of barriers to their application are identified (limited availability of data, especially at the level of constituent entities of the Federation; differences in the methodology for calculating and taxonomy of indicators; institutional barriers; insufficient level of involvement of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the processes of developing and testing localized indices). The analysis of the Russian indicators of sustainable spatial development (both institutionalized and presented in scientific and applied literature) is carried out. The results of the analysis showed the predominance of applied indicators focused on monitoring individual aspects (social, economic, environmental), the presence of significant limitations in territorial detail, data consistency and comparability with international approaches. The following discrepancies between Russian and international methods were identified: differences in target focus and level of institutionalization, fragmentation of component coverage, lack of a single methodological aggregation base, insufficient adaptation of international reporting standards, promotion of the ESG approach as the most promising framework, the problem of comparability and integration of data. The directions for the development of the national sustainability assessment system (unification of indicators, institutional consolidation of methods, etc.) are proposed, which not only contribute to methodological convergence with international standards, but also open up opportunities for the formation of a full-fledged territorial monitoring system built into the contour of the state sustainable development policy.

The article analyzes the stages of formation and evolution of financial technologies in Russia from the early 1990s to the present day, based on the historical-genetic method. It examines the factors that contributed to the rapid development of fintech, including the high level of digital literacy among the population, the active introduction of IT solutions in the banking sector, and dynamic changes in the regulatory environment. Based on a comparative analysis, special attention is paid to the role of the largest market players that occupy leading positions in terms of commercial success – Sberbank PJSC and TBank JSC – which demonstrate different approaches to digital transformation: from integrating innovations into traditional infrastructure to building a branchless bank. Using a synthesis method, the paper highlights key technological milestones, such as the launch of the Fast Payment System, the introduction of biometrics, the development of artificial intelligence-based services, and the formation of the digital ruble. It is shown that Russian fintech, despite sanctions and the pursuit of technological sovereignty, continues to be a driver of innovation in the financial sector. The conclusion is made about the importance of further implementation of AI technologies, biometrics, and digital profiles in banking practice, which determines the prospects for sustainable development of the industry.

In today's dynamic global economy, the active and systematic implementation of breakthrough innovative technological solutions, inextricably linked to the widespread and integrated use of advanced digital tools, is becoming a key and indispensable factor in achieving, maintaining, and strengthening long-term competitiveness. For this particular reason large-scale digital transformation is naturally becoming a central strategic technological priority for sustainable economic development. This defining trend is particularly evident in highly competitive and technologically intensive industries such as the automotive industry, where the future success and survival of manufacturers directly and critically depend on the speed, depth, and effectiveness of implementing advanced manufacturing technologies. This specialized study provides a detailed, comprehensive analysis of the current level and dynamics of advanced manufacturing technologies extension in the Russian automotive industry. It examines and evaluates not only the immediate economic and operational impacts of their practical implementation, but also their uneven distribution across key technological types, as well as important regional production specifics, with a particular emphasis on studying a key technology: modern industrial robotics. A comprehensive analysis objectively confirmed the exceptionally high economic and production efficiency of the active use of advanced technologies in the automotive industry. Regarding the significant regional aspect, a clear and consistent relationship is observed: the intensity and scale of robotics directly and positively correlates with the share and importance of the automotive industry in the overall economic structure of a given region. The empirical results and conclusions obtained convincingly demonstrate that the systematic implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies serves as a crucial strategic factor in ensuring and enhancing competitiveness of the entire industry in the international market.

The article investigates the strategic role of modern transport investments in ensuring sustainable regional and macroeconomic growth. The analysis is built upon an evolutionary approach, tracing progression from the classical Fritz Voigt model (1830–1839) to the advanced transport infrastructure development strategies of the 21st century. Voigt’s model is viewed as a key theoretical framework that explains the gradual and cumulative impact of transport systems on economic development. This influence is accomplished by stimulating production concentration, enhancing labor mobility significantly, expanding internal and external markets substantially, and increasing regional business activity generally. Within the scope of this research, the historical Voigt model is adapted to the current socio-economic conditions of Azerbaijan. This adaptation accounts for global processes of digitalization, integration of the national economy into international value chains, and transformation of logistic networks. A particular emphasis is placed on the development of a highly efficient multimodal transport system, the rational allocation of investment resources across various transport modes, and formation of resilient transit corridors, such as "East-West" and "North-South." The results of the analysis indicate that effectiveness of transport investments significantly increases only with a comprehensive and strategic approach. Such an approach entails the synchronized development of rail, road, maritime, and air transport, alongside active participation in international and transit routes. It is underscored that modernization of transport infrastructure and its deep integration into the global transport system are critically important factors. These factors contribute to a sharp increase in the country's competitiveness activation of balanced regional development, and strengthening Azerbaijan's transit potential as a vital logistics hub for international trade and a driver of sustainable economic growth in the Caspian region.

. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of evolution of the sustainable development concept through the prism of key UN documents and modern scientific discussions. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the traditional triad (economy, society, ecology) into an expanded model that includes the institutional component as an equivalent component of the system. The authors conducted a critical review of foreign and domestic studies, which revealed discrepancies in the interpretation of the structural elements of sustainable development and their interrelations. The study reveals the specifics of the implementation of the principles of sustainable development in the Russian Federation based on the comparison of national priorities with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The regulatory aspects and institutional mechanisms for adapting the global agenda to Russian conditions are analyzed. The study pays special attention to the analysis of motivational mechanisms that determine the policies of states in the field of sustainable development. As a key scientific result, an original visualized model is presented that systematically combines four fundamental elements of sustainable development: economic, social, environmental and institutional, with the emphasis on their dynamic interaction. The model differs from the existing analogues by its emphasis on the processes of adaptation and resistance to change, as well as a visual representation of systemic interrelations between the elements. The developed approach allows overcoming fragmentation of traditional interpretations of sustainable development. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed model for strategic planning at various levels of management.

The article is devoted to the topical issue of ensuring state technological sovereignty based on the formation of an effective system of legal incentives and regulation of technology transfer processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legislative regulation of innovation activities and technology transfer in the Russian Federation in order to identify systemic gaps and develop recommendations for its improvement. The work tests the hypothesis that fragmentation and inconsistency of the regulatory framework, as well as insufficient focus on commercialization of technologies, hinder the innovative development of industry and regions. The methodology is based on an integrated approach that combines the analysis for legal, economic and managerial aspects of regulating innovation activities. The formal legal methods (normative and textual analysis, legal hermeneutics), institutional analysis of the influence of legal norms on the behavior of entities engaged in innovation activities, as well as the text mining analysis using AI to identify key terms and their interrelations are used. The results of the study demonstrated that the Russian legislation in the field of innovation is characterized by insufficient consistency, duplication of support measures and poor development of technology transfer mechanisms. The key problems were identified: the gap between science and production, low efficiency of regional innovation clusters, the absence of a single law regulating innovation activities. It was found that only a small number of regulations directly affect the commercialization of technologies, while most are focused on their creation. The findings emphasize the need for developing a comprehensive legislative framework, strengthen coordination between federal and regional initiatives, and introduce incentives for sustainable interaction between science and business. The scientific novelty consists of the first comprehensive study of legislative barriers to technology transfer in Russia using digital methods of analysis and development of practical recommendations for public policy. This is a contribution to the theory of innovation law and technological development management. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using its results to shape public policy aimed at ensuring technological sovereignty. The prospects for further research are related to assessing effectiveness of existing support measures, studying foreign experience and developing digital tools to improve efficiency of technology transfer.

This article analyzes the contribution of the digital factor to the development of production and economy as a whole. It is noted that digital technologies play an important role in achieving the competitive advantage of businesses and manufacturing enterprises. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze the contribution of the digital factor to the development of the main sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation in general and the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Bashkortostan in particular. The main theoretical research methods were the methods of comparative analysis, generalization and synthesis, along with particular methods of empirical research, as well as the methods of statistical analysis and observation, and a graphical method for constructing illustrative material. The influence of the digital factor on the growth rate of value added of individual sectors of the economy, its contribution to economic growth, and the role of the ICT sector in the development of the Russian economy are assessed. In conclusion, it was noted that the contribution of the digital factor to the development of production serves as a driver for creation of new technologies in various fields and sectors of the economy. The use of digital technologies is leading to a change in the model of global economic development. Digital technologies are a vector of fundamental changes in the organization of production, which contributes to the formation of the era of the digital economy.

Entrepreneurial activity acts as an immanent property of any business and promotes a constant search for alternative ways of developing economic entities. One of these ways is creating strategic business partnerships, which can become a profitable form of organizing entrepreneurial activity, capable of achieving goals and objectives that cannot be accomplished separately. This article is devoted to the study of the influence of entrepreneurial activity on emergence, formation and development of strategic business partnerships, as well as on the subsequent management of their current and prospective activities. The purpose of the study is to assess the nature of the impact of the entrepreneurial activity of organizations on creation and maintenance of conditions for emergence and development of integration relations, taking into account the specifics of their management in the emerging strategic business partnerships. The research objectives are assessment of the level and dynamics of entrepreneurial activity of organizations over a retrospective fiveyear period; determination of conditions for emergence and development of strategic business partnerships, taking into account their economic and managerial specifics and dynamics; identification of potential effects in implementing future strategic business partnerships; designation of research areas in the subject area under consideration. During the study, the author used general scientific methodology. The empirical base was the information from the report "Monitoring Entrepreneurial Activity. Russia 2023/2024", as well as the official statistics for the period 2020–2024. The study assessed the level and dynamics of entrepreneurial activity of organizations in various types of activities. Based on the results obtained, the key conditions for emergence and development of strategic business partnerships were established, determining the possibilities for improving their activities and management, including determining the potential effects of joint growth that can enhance productivity and competitive advantages of participating organizations.

The article discusses the distinct characteristics of the "image" and "reputation" concepts, as the primary components of building a brand. Based on a comparative analysis, the article demonstrates these concepts do not represent identical meanings and carry different semantic connotations. Therefore, it is incorrect to consider them as the synonyms. The article concludes that reputation has a more significant impact on a brand perception than image, and that the organic nature of a brand reputation can create challenges in establishing a positive reputation. It has been determined that communication risks can include reputational threats, which served as the main argument for investigating the impact of the intangible nature of reputation in EdTech companies. Reputation has been found to be of particular importance to clients of online educational institutions, as it is formed for the account of the quality of elements that contribute to building trust in an online school. By understanding the features of distance learning for students, it has been determined that reputation is a major factor in their  decision-making  process  when  purchasing  a  training course. One modern source of reputational risk is implementation of innovative technologies by large companies to promote their growth. However, a single mistake in the communication process with a client could significantly impact the reputation of a company. The possible reputation risks associated with introducing innovative technologies to an online school have been discussed. The assessment of reputation risks allowed defining the most significant threats a school may face.

In the context of increasing credit constraints and macroeconomic volatility, the Russian banks are facing pressure on marginality of credit operations, which requires searching for new strategies for managing interest margins. The article provides an economic and statistical analysis based on the data of the Russian banking sector activities for 2022-2024, including the calculation of absolute and relative indicators; the analysis for marginality, profitability and cost of funding. A substantive analysis for the results of international studies was carried out to identify key factors of bank profitability in various macroeconomic conditions as well. A scenario analysis of changes in the interest margin of Sberbank PJSC was conducted. It was found that tightening monetary policy and macroprudential regulation led to a decrease in the net interest margin of the Russian banks, especially in the segment of long-term lending to legal entities. The largest banks, including Sberbank PJSC, demonstrate greater margin stability due to optimization of the resource base and diversification of the loan portfolio. The main adaptive strategies were transition to short-term lending, use of risk-based pricing and development of alternative financial services. In the context of growing regulatory and market restrictions, the Russian banks are forced to restructure business models, develop IT infrastructure at an accelerated pace and implement new approaches to pricing. The key factor in sustainability remains the ability to manage margins flexibly using optimization of the product portfolio and funding costs.